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1 Sullivan, Louis Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.[br]Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.[br]BibliographyArticle by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.Further ReadingHugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.DY -
2 декоративное украшение
1) Construction: ornament2) Architecture: poppy-head (в виде бутона цветка, фигуры животного и т.п., украшающее углы спинок, завершающее подлокотники, декоративные пилястры, башенки и т.п. (в мебельном искусстве; своего рода флерон или фиала)), poppyhead (в виде бутона цветка, фигуры животного и т.п., украшающее углы спинок, завершающее подлокотники, декоративные пилястры, башенки и т.п. (в мебельном искусстве; своего рода флерон или фиала))Универсальный русско-английский словарь > декоративное украшение
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3 rose
[rouz]past tense; = rise* * *I [róuz]1.nounroža, vrtnica, rožni grm; figuratively lepa ženska, krasotica, lepotica; rožnata barva; plural rožnat videz; medicine šen; simbol, emblem rože, ornament rože; architecture okno kot roža, rozeta; štrcalka (glavica) vrtnarske škropilnice; geography nautical vetrovnica (na kompasu)no bed of roses figuratively nobeno veselje (zabava)path strewn with roses — z rožami posuta pot, figuratively lagodno življenjeunder the rose figuratively zaupno, na tihem, tajno, sub rosato be reposed on a bed of roses figuratively imeti zelo ugodne življenjske razmere, imeti z rožicami postlano življenjeit is not all roses — ni vse tako rožnato, kot je videtito gather roses of life — uživati življenje, iskati življenjske užitketo look at things through rose-coloured spectacles — gledati (videti) stvari skozi rožnata očala, videti stvari v najboljši lučino rose without thorns — ni rože brez trna, figuratively vsaka prijetna stvar ima tudi kaj neprijetnega, popolne sreče ni;2.adjectiverožnat; rožni, rožnate barve;3.transitive verbrožnato rdeče (po)barvati, pordečiti, rdeti (lica)II [róuz]preteriteod to rise -
4 пояс иоников
Architecture: egg-and-anchor ornament, egg-and-dart ornament, egg-and-tongue ornament -
5 пояс ионик иоников
Architecture: egg-and-anchor ornament, egg-and-tongue ornamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > пояс ионик иоников
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6 пояс пояс иоников
Architecture: egg-and-anchor ornament, egg-and-tongue ornament -
7 классический орнамент в виде непрерывного ряда бегущих одна за одной волн
Architecture: Vitruvian scroll (часто использовался в отделке фризов), running dog (часто использовался в отделке фризов), wave ornament (часто использовался в отделке фризов)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > классический орнамент в виде непрерывного ряда бегущих одна за одной волн
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8 лепной орнамент
Architecture: stucco ornament -
9 наносить орнамент
Architecture: ornament -
10 наружный декор
Architecture: outside ornament -
11 наружный орнамент
Architecture: outside ornament -
12 орнамент в виде клеверного листа
Architecture: closet ornamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > орнамент в виде клеверного листа
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13 орнаментировать
Architecture: ornament -
14 трафаретить
Architecture: ornament by stencilling -
15 ornement
ornement [ɔʀnəmɑ̃]masculine noun* * *ɔʀnəmɑ̃nom masculin1) gén ornament2) ( de texte) embellishment3) Architecture, Art decorative detail4) Musique ornament* * *ɔʀnəmɑ̃ nm* * *ornement nm1 gén ornament; jardin/arbres/plantes d'ornement ornamental garden/trees/plants;2 ( de texte) embellishment;4 Mus ornament, grace note.ornements sacerdotaux vestments.[ɔrnəmɑ̃] nom masculin1. [objet] ornamentsans ornement plain, unadornedplafonds riches en ornements ceilings rich in ornament ou ornamentation4. RELIGION————————d'ornement locution adjectivale[plantes, poupée] ornamental -
16 quatrefoil
[kaetrəfɔil]1.adjective botanyštiriperesen; architecture štiriperesen, štirilisten (ornament);2.nounbotanyštiriperesna deteljica; architecture štirilisten ornament -
17 architektu|ra
f sgt 1. (projektowanie, nauka) architecture- studiować architekturę to study architecture2. (epoki, obszaru) architecture U- architektura gotycka/baroku Gothic/baroque architecture3. (domu, wieżowca) architecture, architectural style- dom o prostej architekturze a house of plain architectural style4. książk., przen. (struktura) structure, architecture- architektura powieści the structure of a novel- architektura współczesnych komputerów the design of modern computers- architektura wszechświata the structure a. architecture of the universe- □ architektura krajobrazu Ogr. landscape architecture- architektura wnętrz interior design a. decoration- mała architektura architectural details a. ornament; (ogrodu) architectural featuresThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > architektu|ra
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18 Loos, Adolf
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 10 December 1870 Brno, Moravia (now in the Czech Republic)d. 23 August 1933 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian architect who was one of the earliest pioneers of the modern school in Europe.[br]Loos was the son of a sculptor and trained as a mason before studying architecture at Dresden College of Technology between 1890 and 1893. He then spent three years in America in such diverse areas as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and St Louis. He became a devotee of America and of building there, and he was particularly impressed by the work of Louis Sullivan. He returned to Austria in 1896 and set up practice in Vienna. His early work there was in line with the current Sezessionist mode, but he quickly came to disassociate himself from this trend and increasingly insisted upon very plain and functionalist designs: by 1908 he is quoted as saying that "the evolution of culture marches with the elimination of ornament from useful objects". By this time Loos had become the pace-setter for modern ideas and was designing houses constructed from modern materials in as severe and cubic a style as Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret) was soon to do. Adolf Loos made many designs, but only a small proportion were translated into building. Of his notable interiors the Kartner Bau (1907) in Vienna had pride of place, while his Steiner Haus (1910) there is regarded as the earliest truly modern house in Europe. Cubic in form and with simplified fenestration, this was the forerunner of inter-war architecture. In 1920 Loos was appointed Chief Housing Architect for Vienna, but he resigned two years later. He spent some time in Paris mixing with avant-garde artists and architects and lectured for a time at the Sorbonne. His last commissions, after he had returned to Vienna in 1928, included some of his best work, notably the Muller House (1930) in Prague.[br]Further ReadingBenedetto Gravagnuolo, 1982, Adolf Loos: Theory and Works, Milan: Idea Books.——1986, The Architecture of Adolf Loos, Arts Council Exhibition Book (with a Foreword by Sir John Summerson).L.Munz and G.Kunstet, 1964, Der Architekt Adolf Loos, Vienna and Munich: Anton Schroll.DY -
19 орнамент
1) General subject: flower, flowers, garniture, ornament (he is an ornament to his profession - он делает честь своей профессии), foofaraw2) Obsolete: fret3) Engineering: decorative pattern4) Construction: tracery5) Mathematics: wallpaper design6) Architecture: decor, dressing, pampre (в виде листьев и гроздей винограда)8) Scottish language: outset9) Textile: figure10) Jargon: fandangle11) Fishery: pattern12) Cartography: cartouche14) Billiards: inlay -
20 ornement
ɔʀnəmɑ̃m1) Ornament n2) ( décoration) Dekor m/n, Verzierung fornementornement [ɔʀnəmã]1 (chose décorative) Schmuck masculin; Beispiel: arbre/plante d'ornement Zierbaum masculin/-pflanze féminin2 (décoration) Verzierung féminin; architecture, beaux-arts Ornament neutre; Beispiel: sans ornements schmucklos
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